One of the boys in a small village was sent out to the fields to look after some sheep. He was instructed by the villagers to mind the sheep and take care of them. “Don’t let them stray”, said the villagers to him. “And keep a good look out for the wolves. Don’t go far away, and if you see a wolf coming near the sheep, shout out Wolf as loudly as you can and we will come at once to help you. “All right” said the boy, “I will be careful.” So every morning he drove his sheep out to the hillside and watched them all day. And when evening came, he drove them home again. But after a few day he got rather tired of this lonely life. Nothing happened and no wolves came. So one afternoon he said to himself. “These villagers have given me a very useless job. I think I will play a trick on them, just for fun.”
So he got up and begain shouting as loudly as he could. “Wolf Wolf?” The people in the village heard him and at once they came running with their sticks. “Wolf, Wolf” shoulted the boy, and they ran faster. At last they came up to him out of breath. “Where is the wolf?” they panted. But the boy only laughed and said; “There is no wolf?” I only shouted for fun. And it was fun to see you all running as hard as you could.” The men were very angry. “You mischievous boy!” they said. “If you play a trick like that again, we will beat you instead of the wolf.” And they went back to their work in the village. For some days the boy kept quiet. But he got restless again, and said to himself; “I wonder if they will come running again if I cry wolf once more. It was so much fun the last time.
So once more he began shouting, “Wolf, Wolf”. The villager heard him. Some said, “That boy is up to his trick again”, But other said, “It may be true this time, and if there really is a wolf, we shall lose some of our sheep. “So they seized their sticks, and ran out of the village to the sheep.
“Where is the wolf?” they shouted, as they came up. “Nowhere” said the boy laughing. “It was fun to see you running up the hill as fast as you could”. “We will teach you to play jokes”, shouted the angry men, and they seized the boy and gave him a good beating, and left him crying instead of laughing.
A few days later a wolf really did come. When the boy saw it, he was very frightened and began shouting “Wolf! Wolf”. The villagers heard him, but they said, “We won’t make a fool of ourselves for a third time. You can’t believe a boy after you have caught him lying twice.” So no one went to help him, and the wolf killed several sheep and frightened the boy nearly out of his wits. But he learnt his lesson.
What was the task given to the boy in the village?

One of the boys in a small village was sent out to the fields to look after some sheep. He was instructed by the villagers to mind the sheep and take care of them. “Don’t let them stray”, said the villagers to him. “And keep a good look out for the wolves. Don’t go far away, and if you see a wolf coming near the sheep, shout out Wolf as loudly as you can and we will come at once to help you. “All right” said the boy, “I will be careful.” So every morning he drove his sheep out to the hillside and watched them all day. And when evening came, he drove them home again. But after a few day he got rather tired of this lonely life. Nothing happened and no wolves came. So one afternoon he said to himself. “These villagers have given me a very useless job. I think I will play a trick on them, just for fun.”
So he got up and begain shouting as loudly as he could. “Wolf Wolf?” The people in the village heard him and at once they came running with their sticks. “Wolf, Wolf” shoulted the boy, and they ran faster. At last they came up to him out of breath. “Where is the wolf?” they panted. But the boy only laughed and said; “There is no wolf?” I only shouted for fun. And it was fun to see you all running as hard as you could.” The men were very angry. “You mischievous boy!” they said. “If you play a trick like that again, we will beat you instead of the wolf.” And they went back to their work in the village. For some days the boy kept quiet. But he got restless again, and said to himself; “I wonder if they will come running again if I cry wolf once more. It was so much fun the last time.
So once more he began shouting, “Wolf, Wolf”. The villager heard him. Some said, “That boy is up to his trick again”, But other said, “It may be true this time, and if there really is a wolf, we shall lose some of our sheep. “So they seized their sticks, and ran out of the village to the sheep.
“Where is the wolf?” they shouted, as they came up. “Nowhere” said the boy laughing. “It was fun to see you running up the hill as fast as you could”. “We will teach you to play jokes”, shouted the angry men, and they seized the boy and gave him a good beating, and left him crying instead of laughing.
A few days later a wolf really did come. When the boy saw it, he was very frightened and began shouting “Wolf! Wolf”. The villagers heard him, but they said, “We won’t make a fool of ourselves for a third time. You can’t believe a boy after you have caught him lying twice.” So no one went to help him, and the wolf killed several sheep and frightened the boy nearly out of his wits. But he learnt his lesson.
Why did the boy yell out ‘Wolf’ the first time?

One of the boys in a small village was sent out to the fields to look after some sheep. He was instructed by the villagers to mind the sheep and take care of them. “Don’t let them stray”, said the villagers to him. “And keep a good look out for the wolves. Don’t go far away, and if you see a wolf coming near the sheep, shout out Wolf as loudly as you can and we will come at once to help you. “All right” said the boy, “I will be careful.” So every morning he drove his sheep out to the hillside and watched them all day. And when evening came, he drove them home again. But after a few day he got rather tired of this lonely life. Nothing happened and no wolves came. So one afternoon he said to himself. “These villagers have given me a very useless job. I think I will play a trick on them, just for fun.”
So he got up and begain shouting as loudly as he could. “Wolf Wolf?” The people in the village heard him and at once they came running with their sticks. “Wolf, Wolf” shoulted the boy, and they ran faster. At last they came up to him out of breath. “Where is the wolf?” they panted. But the boy only laughed and said; “There is no wolf?” I only shouted for fun. And it was fun to see you all running as hard as you could.” The men were very angry. “You mischievous boy!” they said. “If you play a trick like that again, we will beat you instead of the wolf.” And they went back to their work in the village. For some days the boy kept quiet. But he got restless again, and said to himself; “I wonder if they will come running again if I cry wolf once more. It was so much fun the last time.
So once more he began shouting, “Wolf, Wolf”. The villager heard him. Some said, “That boy is up to his trick again”, But other said, “It may be true this time, and if there really is a wolf, we shall lose some of our sheep. “So they seized their sticks, and ran out of the village to the sheep.
“Where is the wolf?” they shouted, as they came up. “Nowhere” said the boy laughing. “It was fun to see you running up the hill as fast as you could”. “We will teach you to play jokes”, shouted the angry men, and they seized the boy and gave him a good beating, and left him crying instead of laughing.

A few days later a wolf really did come. When the boy saw it, he was very frightened and began shouting “Wolf! Wolf”. The villagers heard him, but they said, “We won’t make a fool of ourselves for a third time. You can’t believe a boy after you have caught him lying twice.” So no one went to help him, and the wolf killed several sheep and frightened the boy nearly out of his wits. But he learnt his lesson.
Why did the villagers beat the boy?
1. The boy refused to look after the sheep.
2. The boy made them run up the hill for fun.
3. He let the wolf eat some of the sheep.

One of the boys in a small village was sent out to the fields to look after some sheep. He was instructed by the villagers to mind the sheep and take care of them. “Don’t let them stray”, said the villagers to him. “And keep a good look out for the wolves. Don’t go far away, and if you see a wolf coming near the sheep, shout out Wolf as loudly as you can and we will come at once to help you. “All right” said the boy, “I will be careful.” So every morning he drove his sheep out to the hillside and watched them all day. And when evening came, he drove them home again. But after a few day he got rather tired of this lonely life. Nothing happened and no wolves came. So one afternoon he said to himself. “These villagers have given me a very useless job. I think I will play a trick on them, just for fun.”
So he got up and begain shouting as loudly as he could. “Wolf Wolf?” The people in the village heard him and at once they came running with their sticks. “Wolf, Wolf” shoulted the boy, and they ran faster. At last they came up to him out of breath. “Where is the wolf?” they panted. But the boy only laughed and said; “There is no wolf?” I only shouted for fun. And it was fun to see you all running as hard as you could.” The men were very angry. “You mischievous boy!” they said. “If you play a trick like that again, we will beat you instead of the wolf.” And they went back to their work in the village. For some days the boy kept quiet. But he got restless again, and said to himself; “I wonder if they will come running again if I cry wolf once more. It was so much fun the last time.
So once more he began shouting, “Wolf, Wolf”. The villager heard him. Some said, “That boy is up to his trick again”, But other said, “It may be true this time, and if there really is a wolf, we shall lose some of our sheep. “So they seized their sticks, and ran out of the village to the sheep.
“Where is the wolf?” they shouted, as they came up. “Nowhere” said the boy laughing. “It was fun to see you running up the hill as fast as you could”. “We will teach you to play jokes”, shouted the angry men, and they seized the boy and gave him a good beating, and left him crying instead of laughing.

A few days later a wolf really did come. When the boy saw it, he was very frightened and began shouting “Wolf! Wolf”. The villagers heard him, but they said, “We won’t make a fool of ourselves for a third time. You can’t believe a boy after you have caught him lying twice.” So no one went to help him, and the wolf killed several sheep and frightened the boy nearly out of his wits. But he learnt his lesson.
Why did the villagers ignore the boy’s shouts the third time?

One of the boys in a small village was sent out to the fields to look after some sheep. He was instructed by the villagers to mind the sheep and take care of them. “Don’t let them stray”, said the villagers to him. “And keep a good look out for the wolves. Don’t go far away, and if you see a wolf coming near the sheep, shout out Wolf as loudly as you can and we will come at once to help you. “All right” said the boy, “I will be careful.” So every morning he drove his sheep out to the hillside and watched them all day. And when evening came, he drove them home again. But after a few day he got rather tired of this lonely life. Nothing happened and no wolves came. So one afternoon he said to himself. “These villagers have given me a very useless job. I think I will play a trick on them, just for fun.”
So he got up and begain shouting as loudly as he could. “Wolf Wolf?” The people in the village heard him and at once they came running with their sticks. “Wolf, Wolf” shoulted the boy, and they ran faster. At last they came up to him out of breath. “Where is the wolf?” they panted. But the boy only laughed and said; “There is no wolf?” I only shouted for fun. And it was fun to see you all running as hard as you could.” The men were very angry. “You mischievous boy!” they said. “If you play a trick like that again, we will beat you instead of the wolf.” And they went back to their work in the village. For some days the boy kept quiet. But he got restless again, and said to himself; “I wonder if they will come running again if I cry wolf once more. It was so much fun the last time.
So once more he began shouting, “Wolf, Wolf”. The villager heard him. Some said, “That boy is up to his trick again”, But other said, “It may be true this time, and if there really is a wolf, we shall lose some of our sheep. “So they seized their sticks, and ran out of the village to the sheep.
“Where is the wolf?” they shouted, as they came up. “Nowhere” said the boy laughing. “It was fun to see you running up the hill as fast as you could”. “We will teach you to play jokes”, shouted the angry men, and they seized the boy and gave him a good beating, and left him crying instead of laughing.

A few days later a wolf really did come. When the boy saw it, he was very frightened and began shouting “Wolf! Wolf”. The villagers heard him, but they said, “We won’t make a fool of ourselves for a third time. You can’t believe a boy after you have caught him lying twice.” So no one went to help him, and the wolf killed several sheep and frightened the boy nearly out of his wits. But he learnt his lesson.
What could be an appropriate moral of the story?

Culture is the cultivation of a plant or garden, not the eradication of its roots, it is an understanding of the roots and seeds, their patient care and instructed nourishment. Culture is not knowledge, nor is it art, still less is its acquaintance with literature and art. By culture I mean first of all what the anthropologists mean; the way of life of a particular people living together in one place. That culture is made visible in their arts, in their social system, in their habits and customs, in their religion. It is an aggregate of customs, institutions, manners, standards, tastes, morals and beliefs. Now these are transmitted rather by the family than by the school, hence when family life fails to play its part, we must expect our culture to deteriorate.
It is a delusion to think that the maladies of the modern world can be put right by a system of instruction. On the contrary, universal education, by lowering standards, morals and tastes to a common denominator, and by sharpening the wits rather than disciplining character, tends to break down existing checks and balances. Education should be the drawing forth of potential values, it should not be the destruction of the safeguards that tradition places around young egos naturally inclined to willful and precarious flights.
The writer uses the term ‘culture’ to refer to

Culture is the cultivation of a plant or garden, not the eradication of its roots, it is an understanding of the roots and seeds, their patient care and instructed nourishment. Culture is not knowledge, nor is it art, still less is its acquaintance with literature and art. By culture I mean first of all what the anthropologists mean; the way of life of a particular people living together in one place. That culture is made visible in their arts, in their social system, in their habits and customs, in their religion. It is an aggregate of customs, institutions, manners, standards, tastes, morals and beliefs. Now these are transmitted rather by the family than by the school, hence when family life fails to play its part, we must expect our culture to deteriorate.
It is a delusion to think that the maladies of the modern world can be put right by a system of instruction. On the contrary, universal education, by lowering standards, morals and tastes to a common denominator, and by sharpening the wits rather than disciplining character, tends to break down existing checks and balances. Education should be the drawing forth of potential values, it should not be the destruction of the safeguards that tradition places around young egos naturally inclined to willful and precarious flights.
The passage suggests that universal education

Culture is the cultivation of a plant or garden, not the eradication of its roots, it is an understanding of the roots and seeds, their patient care and instructed nourishment. Culture is not knowledge, nor is it art, still less is its acquaintance with literature and art. By culture I mean first of all what the anthropologists mean; the way of life of a particular people living together in one place. That culture is made visible in their arts, in their social system, in their habits and customs, in their religion. It is an aggregate of customs, institutions, manners, standards, tastes, morals and beliefs. Now these are transmitted rather by the family than by the school, hence when family life fails to play its part, we must expect our culture to deteriorate.
It is a delusion to think that the maladies of the modern world can be put right by a system of instruction. On the contrary, universal education, by lowering standards, morals and tastes to a common denominator, and by sharpening the wits rather than disciplining character, tends to break down existing checks and balances. Education should be the drawing forth of potential values, it should not be the destruction of the safeguards that tradition places around young egos naturally inclined to willful and precarious flights.
The culture of a community is said to deteriorate when

Culture is the cultivation of a plant or garden, not the eradication of its roots, it is an understanding of the roots and seeds, their patient care and instructed nourishment. Culture is not knowledge, nor is it art, still less is its acquaintance with literature and art. By culture I mean first of all what the anthropologists mean; the way of life of a particular people living together in one place. That culture is made visible in their arts, in their social system, in their habits and customs, in their religion. It is an aggregate of customs, institutions, manners, standards, tastes, morals and beliefs. Now these are transmitted rather by the family than by the school, hence when family life fails to play its part, we must expect our culture to deteriorate.
It is a delusion to think that the maladies of the modern world can be put right by a system of instruction. On the contrary, universal education, by lowering standards, morals and tastes to a common denominator, and by sharpening the wits rather than disciplining character, tends to break down existing checks and balances. Education should be the drawing forth of potential values, it should not be the destruction of the safeguards that tradition places around young egos naturally inclined to willful and precarious flights.
The culture of a community is transmitted

Culture is the cultivation of a plant or garden, not the eradication of its roots, it is an understanding of the roots and seeds, their patient care and instructed nourishment. Culture is not knowledge, nor is it art, still less is its acquaintance with literature and art. By culture I mean first of all what the anthropologists mean; the way of life of a particular people living together in one place. That culture is made visible in their arts, in their social system, in their habits and customs, in their religion. It is an aggregate of customs, institutions, manners, standards, tastes, morals and beliefs. Now these are transmitted rather by the family than by the school, hence when family life fails to play its part, we must expect our culture to deteriorate.
It is a delusion to think that the maladies of the modern world can be put right by a system of instruction. On the contrary, universal education, by lowering standards, morals and tastes to a common denominator, and by sharpening the wits rather than disciplining character, tends to break down existing checks and balances. Education should be the drawing forth of potential values, it should not be the destruction of the safeguards that tradition places around young egos naturally inclined to willful and precarious flights.
According to the passage, education is